Tiananmen Square Massacre Photos from 1989

Development Of Workable Plans Help Individuals Maintain...

Introduction This paper will discuss the influence of research study findings on the development of workable plans to help individuals maintain the healthy lifestyle and increase life expectancy. The data collected from these three studies was analyzed and showed how the environment impacts a person s overall health and wellbeing and how that can affect a person’s longevity. The application of the findings was used to make suggestions to improve environments like inner cities, by incorporating more green spaces, or health initiatives recommending greater awareness about positive lifestyle choices. Summary Today, with the aging population and lack of funds, society is looking for ways to keep elderly persons healthy and productive into there eighties, if not longer. The Duke study on Aging aimed to identify predictors of longevity. A follow-up study was done in 1981. When the data was analyzed they found that there were a variety of predictors of longevity like; physical function, non-smoking, alcohol and tobacco abuse to life satisfaction and health. This research has influenced the use of physical interventions like decreased smoking, drinking and increased exercise, which helps improve the health of older people. The methodology was clearly identified. The researchers used the observational research method and the participants went through a series of physical, social and laboratory tests. The study was initiated between 1955 and 1959 and followed 270 volunteers fromShow MoreRelatedI Am A University At Grove City High School5627 Words   |  23 Pagesboy while on vacation who is a DMD patient. Thesis (Part II (A-B)) New parents often bask in the enjoyment of their young children as they lovingly watch the days pass as their life story is written. Though a great amount of parents are lucky enough to avoid an encounter with illness threatening to steal their child’s life, many can only hope that their child will not be the single male child of every 3,500 to be afflicted by DMD (Peterlin , 2014). Too many boys—somewhere between 400 and 600 annually—willRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesto self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representativeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 UnderstandingRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses Evaluating competitive relationships and analysing how organizations compete Identifying competitors’ objectives Identifying competitors’ likely response profiles Competitor analysis and the development of strategy The competitive intelligence system The development of a competitive stance: the potential for ethical conflict Summary CONTENTS vii Stage Two: Where do we want to be? Strategic direction and strategic formulation 7 Missions and objectives 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesChange 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager

Best Private Schools Offering Summer Experiences

Many folks hear the words summer camp and think of living in cabins for a month, swimming in lakes, and participating all kinds of outdoor activities, like archery and ropes courses. Rarely does the phrase summer camp make someone think about an opportunity to prepare for the upcoming school year. ​ On the other hand, many folks hear the words summer school and  think of the stereotypical student who failed a class or needs more credits to graduate. Rarely does the phrase summer school make someone think of a positive summer camp-style experience. What if we told you theres a middle ground? A summer experience thats both fun and educational? Its real. And some of the best private schools in the country are offering students unique educational opportunities that are way more than just your typical classroom experience.   Lets look at a few of the  unexpected opportunities  that you might find at a private schools summer program. Travel the World Summer camp doesnt have to be  limited to only one campsite. Some schools offer summer travel experiences, taking students around the world to experience life away from home. Proctor Academy in New Hampshire offers a summer service opportunity, which takes students to places like Guatemala for two-week sessions. See the World From 30,000 Feet in the Air Thats right, aspiring aviators can attend a summer camp at Randolph-Macon School in Virginia. Students get the chance to participate in a highly specialized program  leading towards taking a solo flight in a Cessna 172.   Space Camp and Sustainability Sustainability is a popular topic at private schools  and is one that has led to several summer camp programs designed to educate students and get them thinking about how we can better serve the planet Earth. One such program exists at Cheshire Academy in Connecticut, which offers two different tracks from which students can choose for their summer study. One track focuses on the impact of humans on the earth, while the other takes a new approach to a space camp by exploring both the oceans and space. You even get to take field trips and even launch rockets - and were not just talking about small model rockets!   Learn a New Language For students looking to come to the United States for a boarding school experience, a summer camp can be a great way to master their English language skills. ELL/ESL students can often greatly benefit from these highly specialized summer classes that are often several weeks long and designed to immerse students in an English language environment. This not only helps participants to master their speaking, reading, and writing skills, but also gives them a preview of what dorm life is like, making the adjustment to boarding school in the fall a little easier. Some schools even offer an accelerated program, like New Hampton School in New Hampshire.   Get a Competitive Edge in Athletics Aspiring athletes, especially those looking to improve their skills in order to play varsity sports at private school, can benefit from a summer camp focused on athletics. Starting to participate in these camps during middle school can be a great way for high school coaches to see a student athletes drive and potential, which means building relationships with the school even before the admission season arrives. Athletic camps are available for the more novice student-athletes, as well, helping those players still learning the game to prepare to play on a sports team at a  private school for the first time. Baylor School in Tennessee offers a camp that meets the needs of both the competitive athlete and the recreational athlete.   Perfect a Creative Craft Young artists can find numerous private schools that offer creative summer camp experiences, ranging from drama and dance to music and drawing. And, some of the best private school programs even offer creative writing and literary-focused programs, as well as digital photography and animation courses. The opportunities for creative expression are endless, and the levels of experience can vary. While some schools, like the Putney School in Vermont, offer a wide variety of workshops for artists of all experience levels and interests, other schools take a more specialized approach. The Idyllwild Arts Academy in California offers intensive two-week programs as part of the  Idyllwild Arts Summer Program. These programs can sometimes help students looking to attend competitive art schools for college get a head-start on art portfolios. Try Your Hand at a Non-Traditional Trade Some schools offer incredibly unique programs, like Emma Willards Rosies Girls camp. Drawing inspiration from the fictional character Rosie the Riveter, the boarding school in New York offers girls the chance to experience what its like to work in  carpentry, automotive repair, masonry, and other non-traditional trades.

Ethics Of The Staff At Fractal Entertainment - 3896 Words

Introduction Fractal Entertainment has requested the creation of this project in order to keep their employees informed and up to date on professional bodies relevant to them, current legislations, code of conducts and the current issue of ethics in computing. In this project I am to provide in depth insight to the topics mentioned, and to provide accurate information for the benefit of the staff at Fractal Entertainment. Professional Bodies What is a Professional Body? A professional body is an organisation made up of primarily professionals, who provide many functions and benefits to these professionals in their professions. Some professions explicitly need their professionals to be part of a professional body, as they require their professionals to be registered or have a licence to practice their profession. This helps professions to ensure that their professionals are conducting their jobs correctly. Professional Bodies have a lot of functions: †¢ Providing professional exams to members †¢ Having their own professional journals/magazines †¢ Giving professionals ways to meet and discuss their particular profession through means such as forums †¢ Having a set code of conduct for their members †¢ Dealing with complaints and discipline against professionals †¢ Providing wider access for everyone to get into professions that interest them †¢ Aids students and current workers for better careers Professional bodies usually require either a one off payment or a yearly

Business of Tourism Free Essays

Globalization the process, accelerated by communication technologies, of turning the world into a single community In particular, a single market. It has been described as ‘boundlessness’. Structural change a temperamental transformation tot some activity or institution which brings about a change in its essential quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Business of Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Or structure. It Is permanent, there Is no return to the prior level or state. Temporary change an alteration in a certain measure or condition In an activity of institution to which it is likely to return later. Causes for structural change globalization, competition, economic crisis, health crisis, social changes, customer preferences, war/ terrorism. Tourism market consists of all potential customers sharing a particular need/want, who might be willing/able to satisfy it by buying a tourism product. Sustainable development achieving growth In a manner that does not deplete the natural built environment preserves the culture of the local community. Sustainable tourism all forms of tourism development, management operations that malting the environmental, concern Integrity well being of natural, built ND cultural resources, Socio cultural a term used to Indicate impacts bringing about change to a social organization of a group of people as well as more fundamental reorganization of society organization. Sustainable transport doesn’t harm the environment, or use resources that cannot be replaced_IEEE. Cleaner trucks/cars- alternative engines, alternative fuels (unleaded) non combustion systems. Reducing aircraft emissions-technology advances, regulations, air traffic management, dealing with noise-creating footprints e. G. Aircraft Boeing has a footprint of 14 SMS squared, airbus AAA noise footprint 1. Km squared. Travel ; tourism industry the aggregate of all businesses that directly provide goods and services to facilitate business, pleasure ; leisure activities away from home environment (smith 1988) Impacts of tourism = effects of tourism * Positive impacts = benefits of tourism * Negative impacts = costs of tourism * Impacts are often referred to as Sculptural Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Cocoon Impacts. Model a theoretical system of relationships, which tries to capture the essential elements In a real word situation. Modes are useful tools for general analysis, discussion and as an aid to understanding more complex systems. System an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. Descriptive models replicate selected features of a situation ; alma to show how It operates. Predictive models rearrange a descriptive model so that causes ; outcomes can be determined, predictive modes prescribe a pathway towards a certain outcome. Planning models allow for alternative course tot action to be evaluated. Key issues of models aim to simplify reality, select key issues to prevent ; explore, they deed to be applied, tested and reviewed regularly to maintain relevance. Policy – outlines a series tot desired outcomes and objectives (values) Planning – Examines alternative method of reaching those objectives Tourism Policy and Planning – For both the sort ; long term Is required to balance all stakeholders wants and needs Unplanned Tourism – Uncommon, unpopular, unwanted. Unhappy most community Has social/environmental/economic impacts Visitor Management – The strategies ; action programs used to control ; influence tourism supply and demands to achieved fines policy goals Planning ; operational techniques – site management ; people management Selective – Targeting visitors who are socially and economically more attractive to a destination or other destination Demarcating – Marketing designed to reduce or regulate the number of people visiting a location Objective – Specific, measurable results that an organization plans to achieve in a given period Strategies – the meaner of achieving objectives Tourism Involves: psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology, business administration, geography, ecology, law and education. Industry – Refers to a group tit similar economic output in terms of product Tourism Industry – Described in both terms of the production and consumption of goods and services Businesses in Tourism Industry Primary Trade – Transport, Hospitality, attractions, activities and retail Business indirectly involved – Petrol stations, bakeries, car dealer, banks, newsagents rent – Heavily involved but not included as part of the industry Tourism: The sum of government and private sector activities which shape ; serve the needs and manage the consequence of holiday and business travel the central activities so the overspent and private sector include promotion planning, providing services and preventing impacts Hospitality – Specifically refers to a focus on provision of accommodation and commercial catering services Tourist – A person who travels from place to place for non work reasons. Promotion – Structure in the generating region: ticketing services, travel agents, tour operators. Need to influence potential tourists Transport – All meaner of traveling within the destination Infrastructure – Development that provides for tourism (ranging from large to small) Markets and destinations Markets are where the tourists are before they reach the destination * Market demand is affected by needs and wants * Markets need to be identified and defined * Information about the market needs to be gained Destination – the place that tourists visit and experience Key Characteristics of service – 1. Intangible (can’t be sampled) 2. Inseparable (provider is part) 3. Variable (Individual experience) 4. Perishable (can’t be warehoused) 6 Steps for Segmentation of Tourist Demand: 1. Identify 2. Profile 3. Rank 4. Select 5. Assign Priorities 6. Access Target Market Models can be: descriptive, predictive, prescriptive and planning How to cite Business of Tourism, Papers

Australian Airline Industry Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Airline Industry Literature Review. Answer: Literature Review Performance of Australian Airline Industry Research Hypothesis 1: Australian Airline Industry Performed well over the Global Peers in Last few years Australian airlines have been doing great work in the industry of global airlines. Most of the companies in the region are flying on profitable routes. Passenger volumes are pretty high and the companies are known for the kind of service they provide. So in the period when global airlines revenue declined 5.0% in 2015 and is expected to fall another 2.6% to $709.0 billion in 2016, the revenues in Australian airline industry has rose by 18%. Overall, revenue is anticipated to grow at an annualized 12.6% over the five years to 2016. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain exten t, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed literature review we will focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. According to Leo Seaton, the joint venture between the Australian and Singapore airlines is being defined in the article. Both of the airlines help in generating profit for their country as well as for their airlines. For developing an overseas subsidiary, it is essential to identify the environment and economic aspects of the different country in order to identify suitable profit and loss generated in the business. In this article, the specific listing of well defined airlines is being identified. The major types of airlines are the Qantas, Alliance, Jet star, Virgin and many other airlines and these airlines are expanding their subsidiaries in an overseas market (Seaton, 2014). The author also specifies that the merger is performed between the two countries for the specif ic airlines and the merger cost is about A$12 million. In this article, the positive perspectives related to the joint ventures are highlighted which may help in increasing the annual amount by nearly 14.4 percent. It is also observed that the market of Singapore will grow between A$ 2.3 Billion to A$2.8 Billion by the year 2020. This intimates the suitable growth of the Australian airlines in the coming years (Times, 2016). Qantas Airways and its Partnerships Research Hypothesis 2: Local Australian Airline Players have not been able to Foster International Partnerships According to the article defined by CAPA, it is identified that specifically the Qantas airlines is successful in developing economic perspectives by coordinating with the Emirates airlines. The Qantas airlines are considered as the most progressive airlines and assists in defining the most developed aspects. The article shows that by collaborating with the Emirates, the issues related to the quality, performance and other aspects have improved initially (CAPA, 2016). In the article, it is also recommended that the unusual rules and policies of the Qantas airlines have also been removed, by which the chances of growth may also elaborate simultaneously. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The Australian industry is known as one of the most advanced and progressive airline industry in the world. The companies in the industry offers its customers wide range of services both in Australia and the other global region where it operates. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. What are the Concerns which are Ailing the Industry? Research Hypothesis 3: Australian airline industry is facing some major operational concerns in international markets The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA Data IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. IATA estimates the average industry profit margin will reach 8.8% in 2016, largely due to a drastic decline in oil prices. In order to maintain margins in a competitive Australian industry, airlines have resorted to increased automation such as self-check-in, online check-in and online seat selection. Such measures have been fruitful in restricting employment growth in this industry to a mere 0.6% annualized rate over the past five years. The industry is expected to employ 2.1 million workers in 2016. As the industry entered a mature phase in its life cycle in the United States, merger and acquisition activity increased substantially. Other than the important deals mentioned above, Southwest Airlines also merged with AirTran. As the Australian Airlines industry starts to transition to a mature phase, it is expected to go through a similar transition phase, signs of which became apparent over the past five years with a large decline in the number of companies operating in this industry. IATA expects the trend in industry consolidation to continue over the five years to 2021. To that end, the number of industry enterprises is expected to decline an annualized 5.0% to 1,251 companies. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not bee n able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Summary of annual RPT activity YESep 2015 YESep 2016 Growth Total passengers carried 57.33 million 58.69 million 2.4 % Revenue passenger kilometres 67.62 billion 69.09 billion 2.2 % Available seats 76.62 million 77.23 million 0.8 % Available seat kilometres 88.45 billion 88.93 billion 0.5 % Load factor 76.5 % 77.7 % 1.2* Aircraft trips 633.8 (000s) 638.1 (000s) 0.7 % The price of oil is expected to remain low compared to its levels in 2013 and 2014, which is expected to sustain the high level of profit margins enjoyed by industry operators in 2015 and 2016. IATA expects profit to account for 8.5% of revenue in 2021 as greater consolidation eases some price competition while cost-cutting improves efficiency. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Ailing Finances Globally, not seen in Australian Airlines Research Hypothesis 4: Australian Airline Industry is ahead on Financial Point of view compared to its Global Peers The average industry operating profit margin, measured as earnings before interest and taxes, has recovered over the past five years after being severely diminished during the Australian recession when a worldwide contraction in flying activity and high fuel costs put extreme pressure on margins. During this time, a number of airlines operated at a loss and were forced out of business or had to merge with other airlines. Typically, airlines in developed markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, are exposed to slimmer profit margins, as their markets are mature and competition is strong. Profit in regions with less competition and growing demand for flying, such as Asia, have higher average margins. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The research question focusses on how it can be imperative for companies globally to merge together and serve as major entity. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Conclusion We have seen how companies need to combine globally to achieve the same efficiency as they have achieved in their local markets. It has been recently that organizations are increasingly focusing on cleaning up operations so that all major hurdles can be avoided. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain extent, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed litera ture review we have focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. References: Bricki, N. Green, J., 2016. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology, Available at: https://fieldresearch.msf.org//msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research%20methodology.pdf CAPA, 2016. Is Qantas and Australias aviation system in meltdown? No, but challenges are all around, Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/is-qantas-and-australias-aviation-system-in-meltdown-no-but-challenges-are-all-around-142638 IATA, 2012. The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, Available at: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Economics%20of%20JVs_Jan2012L.pdf Kain, J. Webb, R., 2003. Turbulent Times:Australian Airline Industry Issues, Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10 Peersman, G., 2010. Overview: Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Impact Evaluation: UNICEF, Available at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/brief_10_data_collection_analysis_eng.pdf Seaton, L., 2014. Tourism Australia deepens tourism ties with Singapore Airlines, Available at: https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/media-releases/Media-releases-Tourism-Australia-Singapore-Airlines.aspx Stylianou, A., 2016. Content Analysis: Qualitative or Quantitative research approach?, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Content_Analysis_Qualitative_or_Quantitative_research_approach Times, L. A., 2016. Australian Airlines News, Available at: https://articles.latimes.com/keyword/australian-airlines

The Concept of Management Accounting

Question: Indicate the importance of management accounting in managing your organisation. Evaluate the main cost structures of your organisation Determine the price and break even sales needed for your product for a successful business, by using appropriate methods Answer: Introduction The Concept of Management Accounting is a well derived concept that involves many functions mainly for a manufacturing enterprise. The management accounting is a branch of accounting that mainly is involved in making decisions for the company and the business. Therefore it carries a huge scope to interpret and estimate the results so that proper decision could be taken on the basis of these reports. Management accounting mainly involves the various functions such as planning, budgeting, reporting and analyzing the results for taking the decisions frequently. This branch has developed and emerged as a great boon for the managers of the organization as they are able to take decisions with much ease and with better quality. Talking about the business enterprises everybody and all the business firms are in needs of capital and funds for the business. The needs of the capital of the business vary according to the expansion and extensions that the businessman wants to do in their business and this are to be financed through various modes that are used by the business man to finance the resources that are needed by them. Out of the various sources loans from the banks are one of the common sources of finance available to the people and also the corporate around the world. As in the recent times business men prefer mix source of financing than depending on the outside funds for the entire amount of funds needed for the business. The banks loans are given to the corporate depending on the business forecasts they have for the future as the management accountants have to present realists forecasts based on which such loans could be granted so the banks loans become the nerve cells for the business enterprises t o carry on their future ventures and the loans are the ones based on which the firms are able to risk their investment upon. The loans can be outlined as a very important source of capital for the business firms at any point of time. It had been noted that many enterprises are not able to expand as they are not availed with the loan facilities that should be allowed to them due to the lack of creditability that their firm possesses in the form of upcoming budgets and the financial planning for the companies. These examples show how important a source such as loans from banks is there for the enterprises. The other reasons for which the banks loans are very good source of funding as they offer reasonable rates of interest. The repayment terms of the loans from banks are able to suit the enterprises and the new projects very well and they help the people to manage the options available with them for investment. The investors have great hope from the business and they cause an unnecessary risk for the company as there is a burden for repaying with the amount they have lend to the company. The loan capital helps the companies and their business to grow. But in the modern times with the risk of frauds and scams coming up the process of loan is being stricter and there is a huge need of management accountants for this purpose. The projections for the budgets and the cash flows are so important that the banks need them for giving the loans to the clients. Although there are many sources of capital but the loans are one of the most important source that the lenders face easy to collect and fianc their business. So it could be easily said that the implication and the need for the bank loans as a source of capital had immensely increased in the modern run and thus there is a huge source of changes that could be brought if the loans are used as a source of capital for the firm. Forecasting is also one of the important functions of the management accountant where he has to spend a lot of time for the enterprise he is dealing with. The management accountants are focused and expertise on predicting the future of the business based on the present sales and costs structure of the companies. The management of the company employs the management accountants because they feel that it is important that the projections of the revenues, cash flows and the budgets are correctly prepared as they base their decisions on these reports presented by the management. There is a huge necessity of the forecasted documents as they add great value to the decision making process for the company. The main reasons for the importance of the correct projections for these figures can be as discussed below: The projections help the managers to understand the shortcoming of business if any and then make improvements there in. The figures help them to decide the decision making process and help them to analyze the working state of the organization. The investors are also are interested in the future growth of the business and the cash management cycle of the business which can be easily demonstrated using the forecasted data provided they are correct and not misleading. The bankers also disburse the loans to the company on the proof that they stay focused on their data and the estimates are realistic and correct. The other importance of forecasting data is that it helps to create a trust on the enterprise and the performance that it can give to the people and thus it is relevant for the people to understand the importance of forecasting methods for the enterprise In the process of forecasting it is very important that seasonal variations are considered because it will make the users of the information aware of the unallocated resources so that proper decisions on this can be taken and the seasonal nature of the business might be considered in taking important decisions about the nature and the flow of the business in the future. So it could be said that the role of forecasting specially for the business is very important and it should be correct so that the decisions taken on the basis of these projections are true and help in proper decision making. The role of forecasting for management accounting is very important and submissive. The decisions that are very important and huge for the business have to be taken on the projected figures and the business plans are made on this estimation of the figures. The decisions regarding the nature of the business decides the future course of action and the estimated figures help the business to grow. In the present case study where the dealer is the manufacturer of sports good the business plan it could be seen that major part of the sales are being done by the international markets as the demand is maximum there. This gives a direction that the profits of the company would be more if they export the goods and also plan to expand the business in the international market as well. The current product is a good scope of expanding business as in the upcoming times the demand of the goods will surely show a rise in the times to come and there is a huge scope of expansion and growth for the business enterprise. The importance of the management accounting can be understood as it is a most important tool for taking decisions regarding the business operations. It helps the management to decide that how the organization would be managed by the various account management tools. It is a branch of accounting the helps the business to manage effectively the pros and cons of the business environment and thus reduces the risk faced on the new projects as there is a clear idea through the budgeted figures that are available and help the management to form correct decisions. There are two branches of accounting namely financial and management accounting and both are quite different in the prospective and approach, where one deals with the accounting part and the other deals with the managing the course of actions. Managerial accounting information is used by company management to determine what should be sold and how to sell it. For example, a small business owner may be unsure where he should focus his marketing efforts. To evaluate this decision, an accounting manager could examine the costs that differ between advertising alternatives for each product, ignoring common costs. This process is known as relevant cost analysis and is a technique that is taught in basic managerial accounting courses. The same process can be used to determine whether to add product lines or discontinue operations. The major point of difference between the two concepts are explained below in detail Basis Management Accounting Financial Accounting Objective Book keeping and recording the transaction To ascertain the financial result and financial position. Task To record the transaction To draft the financial statement Legal binding Management accounting report is optional to be prepared. Financial accounting report is compulsory to be prepared. Segment Reporting Pertains to individual department of the organization Pertains to entire organization. Information Company goal driven information Monetary and verifiable information Focus It focuses on present and forecast the future It focuses on the past recorded information. Audience It produces information and report for the use of organization, employees and managers It produces reports for the external parties. Both management accounting and financial accounting is useful for a business concern. Management accounting develops the base of accounting whereas the financial accounting carry out the other necessary task to complete the task associated with the term accounting. Fixed and Variable Costs are both an important component for the product. The fixed costs comprise of the costs that are permanent burden for the company and the variable costs are those that are not burden for the company but incurred with the production of the product. There are many costs that comprise of the variable nature as these costs are being incurred at the time of the production as these costs are not fixed for the companies. The business tart up costs are the sunk costs also that are incurred for running the business of the enterprise and are being used for the production of the goods and services, So the costs are both important but there role in the decisions making process is quite different. The fixed costs are mostly consisting of the overheads that are not avoidable by the enterprises and have to be incurred at any costs until the shut down point is achieved. There are various areas for which there are costs that are to be fixed at the time of initial production an d these costs are to be recovered to break even from the view point of the company. The variable costs are on the other hand can be regarded as recoverable costs and hence no problems occur to have a burden of costs when the production is on hold. Calculation of the Breakeven Point For the Manufacturer Break Even Point Contribution/ Fixed Cost Selling Price Per unit 600 assumed Calculation Of Variable Costs Wood 4.65 Leather 25 Polish 440 Cloth 0.6 per unit 470.25 Wages 23*1.5 34.5 Total 504.75 Contribution Per Unit 95.25 Total Fixed Costs Factory lighting 22,000 Factory rent - 25,000 Factory cleaning 10,000 Administration expenses 16,000 Selling expenses- 12,000 Delivery van expenses 7,000 Office rent 10,000 Total Fixed Costs 102000 Break Even Point 1070.866142 units References https://smallbusiness.chron.com/management-accounting-important-decisionmaking-53947.htmlhttps://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs_wp1.pdfhttps://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business/business-forecasting-and-its-importance-to-business/25634/https://www.gaaaccounting.com/the-importance-of-management-accounting-for-professional-accountants-in-business/Adler, Paul S. 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