Using Tight-Binding Model Essay Example for Free

Utilizing Tight-Binding Model Essay Abstract†In this examination, utilizing tight restricting model a basic systematic methodology has been proposed to research the vitality scattering of graphene under the states of various organizer strain appropriation. Here the adjustment in the edge between the crude unit vectors because of utilization of outer strain has been mulled over to propose the methodology. From our proposed model it is discovered that graphene under loose or balanced strain dispersion is a zero bandgap semiconductor. Anyway a band hole is opened as the unbalanced strain is applied to it. It is seen that upto a specific degree of strain (for example 12.2 % corresponding to carbon-carbon bond and 7.3% opposite to carbon-carbon bond) the band hole of graphene increments and afterward start to fall . In this way, four distinct suppositions have been made for rakish difference in crude unit vectors for four unique locales of applied strain (for example when the strain of 12.2 % corresponding to carbon-carbon bond when the strain of 7.3% opposite to carbon-carbon bond). The outcome acquired in the current examination are analyzed and discovered a phenomenal understanding, with pretty much 96% exactness with that of decided from first rule strategy. Keywordsâ€Graphene, organizer strain, tight restricting model, vitality scattering, band-hole. I. Presentation Graphene, a carefully two-dimensional material having surprising and intriguing properties [1] is a quickly rising star not too far off of material science and consolidated issue physical science. It is a material of enthusiasm for semiconductor industry as a result of its extraordinarily high gem and electronic quality, incredible vehicle properties (for example high electron portability [2] and high warm conductivity), and as it is organizer, it is equipped for extraordinary gadget scaling contrasting and silicon innovation. Anyway these superb properties are related with a significant disadvantage; graphene is a zero bandgap semiconductor or semimetal [3]-[4]. For enormous scope producing, the nonappearance of bandgap is the most troublesome designing issue to understand. The zero bandgap revels that it is difficult to switch graphene based gadget from the conductive to the nonconductive state. So it can not be utilized in the rationale circuit. As the zero bandgap property of graphene limits its application in viable fields, researchers are attempting to discover the strategies to open the bandgap in graphene. To tackle this issue a few strategies have been proposed, for example, graphene nanoribbin utilizing quantum imprisonment impact its transverse way [5]-[8], bilayer graphene presenting balance breaking between two carbon layers by means of an outer electric field [9],[10] , by the way toward doping [11]-[13] and by the procedure of outside strain [14],[15]. To explore the bandgap opening by the above strategies, a few procedures have been applied for ascertaining the band structure of graphene, for example, first head estimation, tight restricting demonstrating, k.p strategy and so on. Every one of them are performed before utilizing the product recreation or numerical strategies, which require an enormous computational unpredictability and tedious and need high limit super PC. In our examination we have proposed a straightforward systematic way to deal with explore the vitality scattering of graphene under various organizer strain condition. Utilizing the proposed technique the bandgap opening is determined under the utilization of topsy-turvy strain equal and opposite to the carbon-carbon bond in graphene. The outcomes acquired from the proposed strategy is contrasted and the outcome distributed by the primary standard technique and saw as in great concurrence with pretty much 96 % exactness. II. Strategy Graphene is a honeycomb cross section of ordinary hexagonal structure. Be that as it may, it loses its customary hexagonal basic evenness under uniaxial/shear strain. At the point when planar pressure is applied to graphene, the situation of carbon molecules move comparative with one another. Thus the vector position of cross section point changes. To clarify this, the point somewhere in the range of a1 and a2 is considered here as ÃŽ ¸ as opposed to accepting 60o which is valid for perfect or loose graphene structure. The eï ¬â‚¬ect in the tight-restricting Hamiltonian is that the boundaries of tight-restricting scales changes likewise. The stressed cross section structure of graphene is appeared in Fig.1. We have utilized the basic closest Neighbor tight restricting model. Here every Carbon iota is ÏÆ' reinforced with three of its closest neighbor Carbon molecules. Fig.1 : The immediate cross section structure of graphene under stressed condition The crude unit vectors can be spoken to by where The detachment of the carbon iotas (An and B) can be spoken to by three vectors R1, R2, R3 From Tight-restricting vitality scattering model the equation of vitality scattering is given by [13] (1) Where Here is a fitting boundary which is regularly called the closest neighbor cover vitality or jumping fundamental. The estimation of fluctuates from 2.7eV to 3.3eV. (2) This is the summed up condition for the vitality scattering of graphene. Here is the edge between the crude unit vectors. For the unstrained or loosened up condition, the estimation of the point = 60o. For this situation the Ï€ groups cover at direct point or K purpose of the two dimensional brillouin zone. (a) (b) Fig.2(a) vitality scattering of loose graphene and (b) the relating brillouin zone. We have researched the electronic structure of graphene under various planar strain appropriations by the tight-authoritative (TB) approach. The graphene has been stressed in three unique manners [12]. These are : (I) balanced strain dissemination (keeping the hexagonal balance unaltered) as appeared in fig. 3.1(a) , (ii) hilter kilter strain dispersion corresponding to C-C bonds as appeared in Fig. 3.1(b) , (iii) hilter kilter dispersion opposite to C-C bonds as appeared in Fig.3.1(c). Fig 3(a) Graphene framework with even strain dispersion, (b) topsy-turvy strain circulation opposite to C-C bonds, and (c) awry strain dissemination corresponding to C-C bonds. Comparing crude cells in dark, complementary cross sections in green ran and Brillouin zones in green dim are represented underneath the distorted grids. ÃŽ, K, M, R and S are the high even focuses. Lx and Ly are the half of the slanting lengths of the crude cells equal and opposite way of the carbon-carbon bond. As the strain is applied to the graphene, it causes the disfigurement of the ordinary hexagonal structure of it . It likewise causes the twisting in the crude unit cell. In the event that the strain is symmetric, at that point the band property of the framework doesn't change yet for topsy-turvy strain , the band property of the framework changes because of balance breaking. At the point when a deviated strain corresponding to C-C bond is applied, it causes a misshapening in the crude unit cell. This disfigurement is taken as an adjustment in edge between the crude unit vectors. Here the strain is applied upto 12.2 % and it is seen that with the expansion in strain the edge between the crude unit vectors is decreased by following a 3 degree polynomial as for Lx and Ly(where Lx and Ly are in nanometer). The condition of is (3) This estimation of is at that point put in condition (2) to ascertain the band hole under various strain dispersion . It is seen that up to Ly =0.2396 nm band hole of graphene expands then the bandgap start to fall . For this area the suspicion of is extraordinary and it is, (4) on the off chance that unbalanced applied strain opposite to C-C bond , up to 7.3 % strain the edge between the crude unit vectors is expanded by following a 2 degree polynomial with deference Lx and Ly. The condition of is, (5) Presently up to Lx = 0.1323 nm band hole of graphene increments and afterward the bandgap starts to fall. For this locale the suspicion of is, (6) III.RESULT Hilter kilter strain appropriation brings about the opening of the bandgap between the limit of the valance band and the base of the conduction band in graphene. At the point when an awry strain corresponding to carbon-carbon bond is applied, Ly increments. At that point for the framework so as to return to its most minimal vitality, Lx diminishes during the basic unwinding. Because of progress of Lx and Ly, the edge between the crude unit vectors diminishes and causes the balance breaking. This rakish change is taken as the boundary of twisted crude cell to ascertain the electronic structure of graphene. For instance, for Ly = 0.2196, 0.2236, 0.2396, and 0.2436 nm the relating advanced estimations of Lx are Lx= 0.1228, 0.1224, 0.1217 and 0.1216 nm. At that point from our proposed model the comparing edge between the crude unit vectors are =59.47o, 58.91o, 54.79o and 57.75o. The relating electronic structure or band outlines are appeared in fig.4 with the all-encompassing perspective at K point (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig.4 Extended perspective on bandgap opening for (a) Ly=0.2196 nm and Lx=0.1228 nm (b) Ly=0.2236 nm and Lx=0.1224 nm (c) Ly=0.2396 nm and Lx=0.1217 nm (d) Ly=0.2436 nm and Lx=0.1216 nm. Comparable conduct is acquired in the graphene framework, when unbalanced strain opposite to carbon-carbon bond is applied. For this situation for instance for Lx =0.1268, 0.1292, 0.1353 nm the comparing improved Ly are Ly=0.2126, 0.2120 and 0.2105 nm and the relating disfigured edge are = 60.52o, 61.05oand 60.38o. The opening of bandgap relating to these twisted point are appeared in fig.5 (a) (b) (c) FIG.4 EXTENDED VIEW OF BANDGAP OPENING FOR (A) LX=0.1268 NM AND LY= 0.2126 NM (B) LX= 0.1292 NM AND LY=0.2120 NM (C) LY=0.1353 NM AND LX= 0.2105 NM . These outcomes delights that the zero bandgap or semi-metallic conduct of graphene sheet gets altered or a bandgap is opened when lopsided strain is applied to it. Presently the inquiry is what is the purpose for this? We realize that organizer graphene comprises of solid bonds and delocalized pz electrons. Here orbitals are framed by covering the pz

The Feudal System :: Medieval Civilization, The Middle Ages, Feudalism

Most of medieval human progress was a period of straightforwardness and minimal social turn of events. Feudalism was the structure that administered medieval society and came to speak to this timespan. The congregation turned into the general image of medieval solidarity. At the finish of the medieval period, in any case, town life and huge scope exchange and trade were restored. Incredible changes occurred in the congregation encouraging another period and change. Feudalism was an arrangement of government that gave the structure to the political, social, and monetary parts of medieval progress. It comprised of agreements between individuals from the honorability and less amazing aristocrats who filled in as their vassals. Financially it was an agreement between the serfs who cultivated that land and the aristocrats who claimed it. Feudalism was extremely unpredictable and befuddling somehow or another, however it could likewise be taken a gander at as basic. It was built in a pyramid or chess board-like structure. Rulers were at the top in spite of the fact that they didn't have a lot of intensity, masters and vassals followed the lord and had control of the lesser aristocrats. The serfs were at the base of the pyramid. A house, also called the lord’s bequest, was the place everybody lived and worked. In return for a spot to live, food, and essentially security, the serfs cultivated the land. Horticulture was the establishment of feuda lism, where land and food was utilized to deal for different things. There were diverse expenses and places of unmistakable individuals on the house. This represents the intricacy of primitive life during the medieval ages. In the event that you take a gander at it as what the obligations were of every particular class you see the effortlessness of feudalism. Every individual from medieval society had its own specific assignments to perform. The serfs preformed the most work concentrated assignments and frequently did likewise regular. The knights secured the house and the rulers were liable for dealing with everybody on their estate. The medieval framework could be contrasted with an advanced partnership. The serfs could be taken a gander at as the laborers, the rulers as the board, the knights to the security, and the lord would be the CEO of the organization. Feudalism was mind boggling in its association and straightforward it its usage. During the greater part of the medieval timespan the congregation was the focal point of society and was the rule that everyone must follow. The congregation directed strategic policies, had the ability to burden, controlled all individuals through the intensity of suspension and had impact on the stylish parts of life.

Cicero on Violence free essay sample

Inspects first Cent. B.C. speakers sees on physical power as essential political instrument of the state. Interpreter antiquarian Michael Grant notes in first experience with the political addresses of the best of Roman speakers, Cicero (106-43 B.C.), a familial environment of savagery provides reason to feel ambiguous about a startling light the savage tumult and feud which signalized these last doomed long stretches of the Republic, and assisted with making it inescapable this once compelling organization should reach a conclusion and be supplanted by a totalitarianism (Grant 217). Brutality penetrated the occasions, and it pervaded the brains of that period. Cicero, unemotional humanist that he was, was no exemption. He acknowledged viciousness as such an ordinary piece of the human condition that he never viewed as addressing it. He did, be that as it may, set cutoff points to the utilization of brutality. This exposition will consider a portion of those cutoff points and the consistency with which Cicero applied them. We will compose a custom exposition test on Cicero on Violence or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Diversity in Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decent variety in Organizations - Research Paper Example It is obviously obvious from the conversation that workforce is the premise of accomplishment of some random association. Much as there are different elements of creation to consider in deciding the probability of accomplishment of any association or business element, human capital is the most huge. This is on the grounds that; no activities can get fruitful paying little mind to the capital information, except if they are very much overseen and actualized. Hence, the requirement for receiving an adaptable human asset program that incorporates various societies and characters inside the activities of the association is fundamental. The encompassment an alternate people, from various foundations in religion, socio-social exercises, instruction, and presentation guarantees that the association can maintain variation thoughts, conclusions, and decisions. These are the premise of advancement. Inferable from the way that cooperation is the reason for achievement of some random association , assorted variety proves to be useful. Where decent variety is non-existent, the people included can't associate and offer thoughts and suppositions unreservedly. This implies there is low or no way of formulating better approaches for getting things done. It is through the free collaboration of people and their cooperation demeanor that makes roads for advancements and innovations. Different techniques can be received to improve decent variety atmosphere in an association. Instruction that involves furnishing the supervisory crew with significant and assorted preparing abilities is one such technique. This serves to guarantee that the supervisory crew is better positioned to receive various people and join them in their work power. Such preparing upgrades the administration capacity of guaranteeing each colleague acknowledged and similarly significant, not withstanding their disparities in characters, societies, strict foundations e.t.c. The foundation, authorization, and executio n of a lot of code of morals is one more technique. The essential advance in accomplishing this is through the enlistment of people from various circles of life. Presentation, through foundation of value and responsibility, as a guiding principle of the association is another technique that relevant in upgrading the atmosphere of assorted variety in an association. This guarantees all the people are dealt with similarly, paying little heed to their sexual orientation, source, race, religion e.t.c. any gathering, advisory group or board shaped to embrace various errands for the association should be illustrative of the various characters in that association. Each gathering or individual should feel all around spoke to in that development. This goes far to upgrading admiration and collaboration from all the people in the association. There are three methods followed to set up assorted variety atmosphere at a work place. The first is the moderate liberal change, where some essential pr inciples are built up in work spot to encourage collaboration, adaptability, and assorted variety. At this stage, the laborers are advanced exclusively dependent on legitimacy and execution. Such principles as those controlling advancements are built up and executed by the arrangement creators. In any case, the issue related with this is not all parts of assorted variety are implementable through conventional standards. The subsequent strategy is the fundamental change stage, where the association adjusts gauges past conventional guidelines to direct the accomplishment of decent variety in the association. At this stage, despite the fact that two individuals from a similar association are better positioned to be advanced dependent on their presentation, a stipend for value is made by advancing another person of an alternate alliance. The last method is the progressive change, where the short-run and the since a long time ago run needs of the association become possibly the most impo rtant factor. Under this stage, the association builds up value and decent variety in the short-run, while purchasing time to merge a framework that will manage the cost of programmed adaptability and assorted variety

Midterm paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Midterm - Term Paper Example Confounding this issue significantly further is the solicitation that the administrator makes dependent on mirroring the firecrackers as the honor winning. Normally, as no such honor exists, the representative is confronted with a circumstance where it is possible that they will make up an honor or they will come up short if the task. At last, convoluting matters much further is the way that one of the associate is endeavoring to take individual addition of the circumstance by making the honor in return for a conference sexual kindness. As a methods for understanding this dynamic, the moral difficulties, and the choices that are accessible to the worker, the accompanying examination will concentrate explicitly on these three fragments. Initially, it ought to be comprehended that utilizing any sort of favor from a kindred associates, regardless of whether in return for sexual assistance or some other great or ware, is commensurate with making up the data and lying about the veracity behind the honor. The hidden moral purpose for this has to do with the way that it is clear and obvious that the kindred associate doesn't have such an honor and it has never existed. Along these lines, by simply avoiding any responsibility and guaranteeing a degree of numbness concerning where the help originated from or when it was earned and why, the worker being referred to isn't any better of a situation when contrasted with that they had created this bogus honor all alone. From the case that has been introduced hitherto there are at last three alternatives. In like manner, the rest of this investigation will rotate around talking about these alternatives, from the least alluring to the most attractive, and advancing an imaginable strategy that the representative should seriously mull over taking. All things considered, the first and least attractive choice is to decline to make up any honor and straightforwardly go up against the supervisor with this refusal. Not exclusively will this most probable outcome in a quick end, it will likewise leave a negative relationship and translation of the employee’s time at the

An Overview of Social Psychology

An Overview of Social Psychology December 11, 2019 asiseeit/Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What is it that shapes our attitudes? Why are some people such great leaders? How does prejudice develop, and how can we overcome it? These are just a few of the big questions of interest in the field of social psychology. Social psychologists tackle issues that can have a significant impact on individual health and well-being, from understanding why bullying behavior and aggression take place to analyze why people sometimes fail to help individuals in need?? . What Is Social Psychology? According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied the presence of other human beings.?? Essentially, social psychology is all about understanding how each persons individual behavior is influenced by the social environment in which that behavior takes place. You probably already realize that other people can have a dramatic influence on the way you act and the choices you make. Consider how you might behave in a situation if you were all alone versus if there were other people in the room. The decisions you make and the behaviors you exhibit might depend on not only how many people are present but exactly who you are around. For example, you are likely to behave much differently when you are around a group of close friends than you would around a group of colleagues or supervisors from work. Social psychology looks at a wide range of social topics, including: Group behaviorSocial perceptionLeadershipNonverbal behaviorConformityAggressionPrejudice ?It is important to note that social psychology is not just about looking at social influences. Social perception and social interaction are also vital to understanding social behavior. The way that we see other people (and the way we think they see us) can play a powerful role in a wide variety of actions and decisions. Just think for a moment about how you sometimes act differently in a public setting than you might if you were at home by yourself. At home, you might be loud and rambunctious, while in public you might be much more subdued and reserved. Why is this? Because the people around us shape our thoughts, feelings, moods, attitudes, and perceptions. The presence of other people can make a difference in the choices we make and the actions we take. While social psychology tends to be an academic field, the research that social psychologists perform can and does have a powerful influence on our understanding of various aspects of mental health and wellbeing. For example, research on conformity has contributed to our understanding of why teenagers sometimes go to such great lengths to fit in with their social groupâ€"sometimes to the detriment of their own health and wellness.?? As a result, psychologists are able to develop public health programs and treatment approaches aimed at helping teenagers resist potentially harmful behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and substance use. How Did People Become Interested in Social Psychology? While Plato referred to the idea of the crowd mind, and concepts such as social loafing and social facilitation were introduced in the late 1800s, it wasnt until after World War II that research on social psychology began in earnest. The horrors of the Holocaust led researchers to study the effects of social influence, conformity, and obedience. What could explain why so many people participated in such terrible and evil actions, social psychologists wondered? Were people only following orders and bowing to social pressure, or were there some other forces at work that led people to engage in such devastating actions? By investigating these questions, social psychologists were able to gain a greater understanding of the power of societal forces such as authority, compliance, and obedience.?? Social psychologist Stanley Milgram, for example, was able to demonstrate just how far people are willing to go to obey authority figures. In a series of now infamous experiments, Milgram and his colleagues ordered study participants to deliver what they believed was a potentially dangerous shock to another person. In reality, the shocks were not real and the other individual was only pretending to be hurt by the electrical pulsesâ€"but a whopping 65 percent of those who took part in the study delivered the maximum level of shock simply because an authority figure told them to do so.?? Social psychology has continued to grow throughout the twentieth century, inspiring research that has contributed to our understanding of social experience and behavior. Our social world makes up such a tremendous part of our lives, so it is no wonder that this topic is so fascinating to many. How Is Social Psychology Different From Other Disciplines? It is important to differentiate social psychology from a few similar and related subjects. Social psychology is often confused with folk wisdom, personality psychology, and sociology. What makes social psychology different? Unlike folk wisdom, which relies on anecdotal observations and subjective interpretation, social psychology employs scientific methods and the empirical study of social phenomena. Researchers do not just make guesses or assumptions about how people behave; they devise and carry out experiments that help point out relationships between different variables. While personality psychology focuses on individual traits, characteristics, and thoughts, social psychology is focused on situations. Social psychologists are interested in the impact that the social environment and group interactions have on attitudes and behaviors. Finally, it is important to distinguish between social psychology and sociology. While there are many similarities between the two, sociology tends to look at social behavior and influences at a very broad-based level. Sociologists are interested in the institutions and cultures that influence how people behave. Psychologists instead focus on situational variables that affect social behavior. While psychology and sociology both study similar topics, they are looking at these questions from different perspectives. A Word From Verywell What makes social psychology such an important topic? A quick glimpse at the daily news shows just how profoundly social problems can impact peoples lives. By better understanding these issues, psychologists can look for ways to prevent, identify, and remedy such problems. Social psychologists focus on societal concerns that have a powerful influence on individual wellbeing as well as the health of society as a whole, including problems such as substance use, crime, prejudice, domestic abuse, public health, bullying, and aggression. Social psychologists typically do not work directly in the field of mental health, but the results of their research do have a significant influence on how psychologists and mental health professionals treat behaviors that are influenced by social factors. Public health programs, for example, often rely on persuasion techniques identified by social psychologists to encourage people to engage in healthy behaviors while avoiding potentially dangerous ones.

Involuntary Manslaughter Essay - 550 Words

Involuntary Manslaughter Essay (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutor Course DateInvoluntary ManslaughterAn involuntary manslaughter (IM) is a criminal act that occurs when a person causes the death without the intent to cause or even harm the victim. In the English law, involuntary manslaughter is a crime contained in the Homicide Act of 1957 (legislation.gov.uk). The states duty to defend the dead, whether the cause of death was intentional or otherwise, is defined in Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Involuntary manslaughter is similar to murder, only that an accused person in murder case intended to do so with full mens rea. While the sentence in murder cases is defined, sentences in involuntary manslaughter are at the discretion of the jury and are usually lenient. The following is a deeper look at the features that distinguishes an involuntary manslaughter.There are two types of IM, distinguished by the circumstance of occurrence. The first type, called the constructive manslaughter, takes place when the death is as a res ult of unlawful action of the accused. Constructive manslaughter is distinguished by three major elements; firstly, there has to be an illegal act that led to the death of a person. For instance, the death could result from a fight that is an unlawful act. In R v Jones [2009], for example, the appellant and the deceased engaged in a fight. The appellant was found guilty of manslaughter and was condemned to a four years jail term. Secondly, the act must have involved a foreseeable risk, that is, it should be known that the action is can harm a human being. It should be an activity that a reasonable person would, under ordinary circumstance consider risky. In particular, the defendant should be aware that his actions posed a threat to the deceased. This was demonstrated by the judges in R v Carey, C and F [2006] where a teenage girl had died after running hysterically to escape a physical assault caused by the appellant. However, the court of appeal found that the physical assault was not the cause of death but rather, the run as the girl had an underlying congenital heart disease. The appellant in this case did not know that it was risky to the girl to run. Lastly, the accused person must have been cognizant that the act, which caused the death of the deceased, was unlawful. In R v Rodgers [2003], for example, the appeal court upheld an earlier ruling that the defendant engaged in an unlawful act which led to the death of the deceased. In this case, the appellant had assisted his deceased friend to administer heroin on himself by holding a tourniquet for him. The deceased died of a heart attack that was aggravated by the drug injection. The judges held that the respondent was cognizant of the fact that heroin abuse was illegal.Aside from the constructive manslaughter, there are involuntary manslaughters caused by negligence acts of an appellant, described as manslaughter by gross negligence. These are cases in which the death occurs as a result of the defendant s lack of due care. These cases require the judge to be convinced that the defendant was negligent and that his act of negligence resul...

Tiananmen Square Massacre Photos from 1989

Development Of Workable Plans Help Individuals Maintain...

Introduction This paper will discuss the influence of research study findings on the development of workable plans to help individuals maintain the healthy lifestyle and increase life expectancy. The data collected from these three studies was analyzed and showed how the environment impacts a person s overall health and wellbeing and how that can affect a person’s longevity. The application of the findings was used to make suggestions to improve environments like inner cities, by incorporating more green spaces, or health initiatives recommending greater awareness about positive lifestyle choices. Summary Today, with the aging population and lack of funds, society is looking for ways to keep elderly persons healthy and productive into there eighties, if not longer. The Duke study on Aging aimed to identify predictors of longevity. A follow-up study was done in 1981. When the data was analyzed they found that there were a variety of predictors of longevity like; physical function, non-smoking, alcohol and tobacco abuse to life satisfaction and health. This research has influenced the use of physical interventions like decreased smoking, drinking and increased exercise, which helps improve the health of older people. The methodology was clearly identified. The researchers used the observational research method and the participants went through a series of physical, social and laboratory tests. The study was initiated between 1955 and 1959 and followed 270 volunteers fromShow MoreRelatedI Am A University At Grove City High School5627 Words   |  23 Pagesboy while on vacation who is a DMD patient. Thesis (Part II (A-B)) New parents often bask in the enjoyment of their young children as they lovingly watch the days pass as their life story is written. Though a great amount of parents are lucky enough to avoid an encounter with illness threatening to steal their child’s life, many can only hope that their child will not be the single male child of every 3,500 to be afflicted by DMD (Peterlin , 2014). Too many boys—somewhere between 400 and 600 annually—willRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesto self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representativeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 UnderstandingRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses Evaluating competitive relationships and analysing how organizations compete Identifying competitors’ objectives Identifying competitors’ likely response profiles Competitor analysis and the development of strategy The competitive intelligence system The development of a competitive stance: the potential for ethical conflict Summary CONTENTS vii Stage Two: Where do we want to be? Strategic direction and strategic formulation 7 Missions and objectives 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesChange 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager

Best Private Schools Offering Summer Experiences

Many folks hear the words summer camp and think of living in cabins for a month, swimming in lakes, and participating all kinds of outdoor activities, like archery and ropes courses. Rarely does the phrase summer camp make someone think about an opportunity to prepare for the upcoming school year. ​ On the other hand, many folks hear the words summer school and  think of the stereotypical student who failed a class or needs more credits to graduate. Rarely does the phrase summer school make someone think of a positive summer camp-style experience. What if we told you theres a middle ground? A summer experience thats both fun and educational? Its real. And some of the best private schools in the country are offering students unique educational opportunities that are way more than just your typical classroom experience.   Lets look at a few of the  unexpected opportunities  that you might find at a private schools summer program. Travel the World Summer camp doesnt have to be  limited to only one campsite. Some schools offer summer travel experiences, taking students around the world to experience life away from home. Proctor Academy in New Hampshire offers a summer service opportunity, which takes students to places like Guatemala for two-week sessions. See the World From 30,000 Feet in the Air Thats right, aspiring aviators can attend a summer camp at Randolph-Macon School in Virginia. Students get the chance to participate in a highly specialized program  leading towards taking a solo flight in a Cessna 172.   Space Camp and Sustainability Sustainability is a popular topic at private schools  and is one that has led to several summer camp programs designed to educate students and get them thinking about how we can better serve the planet Earth. One such program exists at Cheshire Academy in Connecticut, which offers two different tracks from which students can choose for their summer study. One track focuses on the impact of humans on the earth, while the other takes a new approach to a space camp by exploring both the oceans and space. You even get to take field trips and even launch rockets - and were not just talking about small model rockets!   Learn a New Language For students looking to come to the United States for a boarding school experience, a summer camp can be a great way to master their English language skills. ELL/ESL students can often greatly benefit from these highly specialized summer classes that are often several weeks long and designed to immerse students in an English language environment. This not only helps participants to master their speaking, reading, and writing skills, but also gives them a preview of what dorm life is like, making the adjustment to boarding school in the fall a little easier. Some schools even offer an accelerated program, like New Hampton School in New Hampshire.   Get a Competitive Edge in Athletics Aspiring athletes, especially those looking to improve their skills in order to play varsity sports at private school, can benefit from a summer camp focused on athletics. Starting to participate in these camps during middle school can be a great way for high school coaches to see a student athletes drive and potential, which means building relationships with the school even before the admission season arrives. Athletic camps are available for the more novice student-athletes, as well, helping those players still learning the game to prepare to play on a sports team at a  private school for the first time. Baylor School in Tennessee offers a camp that meets the needs of both the competitive athlete and the recreational athlete.   Perfect a Creative Craft Young artists can find numerous private schools that offer creative summer camp experiences, ranging from drama and dance to music and drawing. And, some of the best private school programs even offer creative writing and literary-focused programs, as well as digital photography and animation courses. The opportunities for creative expression are endless, and the levels of experience can vary. While some schools, like the Putney School in Vermont, offer a wide variety of workshops for artists of all experience levels and interests, other schools take a more specialized approach. The Idyllwild Arts Academy in California offers intensive two-week programs as part of the  Idyllwild Arts Summer Program. These programs can sometimes help students looking to attend competitive art schools for college get a head-start on art portfolios. Try Your Hand at a Non-Traditional Trade Some schools offer incredibly unique programs, like Emma Willards Rosies Girls camp. Drawing inspiration from the fictional character Rosie the Riveter, the boarding school in New York offers girls the chance to experience what its like to work in  carpentry, automotive repair, masonry, and other non-traditional trades.

Ethics Of The Staff At Fractal Entertainment - 3896 Words

Introduction Fractal Entertainment has requested the creation of this project in order to keep their employees informed and up to date on professional bodies relevant to them, current legislations, code of conducts and the current issue of ethics in computing. In this project I am to provide in depth insight to the topics mentioned, and to provide accurate information for the benefit of the staff at Fractal Entertainment. Professional Bodies What is a Professional Body? A professional body is an organisation made up of primarily professionals, who provide many functions and benefits to these professionals in their professions. Some professions explicitly need their professionals to be part of a professional body, as they require their professionals to be registered or have a licence to practice their profession. This helps professions to ensure that their professionals are conducting their jobs correctly. Professional Bodies have a lot of functions: †¢ Providing professional exams to members †¢ Having their own professional journals/magazines †¢ Giving professionals ways to meet and discuss their particular profession through means such as forums †¢ Having a set code of conduct for their members †¢ Dealing with complaints and discipline against professionals †¢ Providing wider access for everyone to get into professions that interest them †¢ Aids students and current workers for better careers Professional bodies usually require either a one off payment or a yearly

Business of Tourism Free Essays

Globalization the process, accelerated by communication technologies, of turning the world into a single community In particular, a single market. It has been described as ‘boundlessness’. Structural change a temperamental transformation tot some activity or institution which brings about a change in its essential quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Business of Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Or structure. It Is permanent, there Is no return to the prior level or state. Temporary change an alteration in a certain measure or condition In an activity of institution to which it is likely to return later. Causes for structural change globalization, competition, economic crisis, health crisis, social changes, customer preferences, war/ terrorism. Tourism market consists of all potential customers sharing a particular need/want, who might be willing/able to satisfy it by buying a tourism product. Sustainable development achieving growth In a manner that does not deplete the natural built environment preserves the culture of the local community. Sustainable tourism all forms of tourism development, management operations that malting the environmental, concern Integrity well being of natural, built ND cultural resources, Socio cultural a term used to Indicate impacts bringing about change to a social organization of a group of people as well as more fundamental reorganization of society organization. Sustainable transport doesn’t harm the environment, or use resources that cannot be replaced_IEEE. Cleaner trucks/cars- alternative engines, alternative fuels (unleaded) non combustion systems. Reducing aircraft emissions-technology advances, regulations, air traffic management, dealing with noise-creating footprints e. G. Aircraft Boeing has a footprint of 14 SMS squared, airbus AAA noise footprint 1. Km squared. Travel ; tourism industry the aggregate of all businesses that directly provide goods and services to facilitate business, pleasure ; leisure activities away from home environment (smith 1988) Impacts of tourism = effects of tourism * Positive impacts = benefits of tourism * Negative impacts = costs of tourism * Impacts are often referred to as Sculptural Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Cocoon Impacts. Model a theoretical system of relationships, which tries to capture the essential elements In a real word situation. Modes are useful tools for general analysis, discussion and as an aid to understanding more complex systems. System an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. Descriptive models replicate selected features of a situation ; alma to show how It operates. Predictive models rearrange a descriptive model so that causes ; outcomes can be determined, predictive modes prescribe a pathway towards a certain outcome. Planning models allow for alternative course tot action to be evaluated. Key issues of models aim to simplify reality, select key issues to prevent ; explore, they deed to be applied, tested and reviewed regularly to maintain relevance. Policy – outlines a series tot desired outcomes and objectives (values) Planning – Examines alternative method of reaching those objectives Tourism Policy and Planning – For both the sort ; long term Is required to balance all stakeholders wants and needs Unplanned Tourism – Uncommon, unpopular, unwanted. Unhappy most community Has social/environmental/economic impacts Visitor Management – The strategies ; action programs used to control ; influence tourism supply and demands to achieved fines policy goals Planning ; operational techniques – site management ; people management Selective – Targeting visitors who are socially and economically more attractive to a destination or other destination Demarcating – Marketing designed to reduce or regulate the number of people visiting a location Objective – Specific, measurable results that an organization plans to achieve in a given period Strategies – the meaner of achieving objectives Tourism Involves: psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology, business administration, geography, ecology, law and education. Industry – Refers to a group tit similar economic output in terms of product Tourism Industry – Described in both terms of the production and consumption of goods and services Businesses in Tourism Industry Primary Trade – Transport, Hospitality, attractions, activities and retail Business indirectly involved – Petrol stations, bakeries, car dealer, banks, newsagents rent – Heavily involved but not included as part of the industry Tourism: The sum of government and private sector activities which shape ; serve the needs and manage the consequence of holiday and business travel the central activities so the overspent and private sector include promotion planning, providing services and preventing impacts Hospitality – Specifically refers to a focus on provision of accommodation and commercial catering services Tourist – A person who travels from place to place for non work reasons. Promotion – Structure in the generating region: ticketing services, travel agents, tour operators. Need to influence potential tourists Transport – All meaner of traveling within the destination Infrastructure – Development that provides for tourism (ranging from large to small) Markets and destinations Markets are where the tourists are before they reach the destination * Market demand is affected by needs and wants * Markets need to be identified and defined * Information about the market needs to be gained Destination – the place that tourists visit and experience Key Characteristics of service – 1. Intangible (can’t be sampled) 2. Inseparable (provider is part) 3. Variable (Individual experience) 4. Perishable (can’t be warehoused) 6 Steps for Segmentation of Tourist Demand: 1. Identify 2. Profile 3. Rank 4. Select 5. Assign Priorities 6. Access Target Market Models can be: descriptive, predictive, prescriptive and planning How to cite Business of Tourism, Papers

Australian Airline Industry Literature Review

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Airline Industry Literature Review. Answer: Literature Review Performance of Australian Airline Industry Research Hypothesis 1: Australian Airline Industry Performed well over the Global Peers in Last few years Australian airlines have been doing great work in the industry of global airlines. Most of the companies in the region are flying on profitable routes. Passenger volumes are pretty high and the companies are known for the kind of service they provide. So in the period when global airlines revenue declined 5.0% in 2015 and is expected to fall another 2.6% to $709.0 billion in 2016, the revenues in Australian airline industry has rose by 18%. Overall, revenue is anticipated to grow at an annualized 12.6% over the five years to 2016. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain exten t, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed literature review we will focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. According to Leo Seaton, the joint venture between the Australian and Singapore airlines is being defined in the article. Both of the airlines help in generating profit for their country as well as for their airlines. For developing an overseas subsidiary, it is essential to identify the environment and economic aspects of the different country in order to identify suitable profit and loss generated in the business. In this article, the specific listing of well defined airlines is being identified. The major types of airlines are the Qantas, Alliance, Jet star, Virgin and many other airlines and these airlines are expanding their subsidiaries in an overseas market (Seaton, 2014). The author also specifies that the merger is performed between the two countries for the specif ic airlines and the merger cost is about A$12 million. In this article, the positive perspectives related to the joint ventures are highlighted which may help in increasing the annual amount by nearly 14.4 percent. It is also observed that the market of Singapore will grow between A$ 2.3 Billion to A$2.8 Billion by the year 2020. This intimates the suitable growth of the Australian airlines in the coming years (Times, 2016). Qantas Airways and its Partnerships Research Hypothesis 2: Local Australian Airline Players have not been able to Foster International Partnerships According to the article defined by CAPA, it is identified that specifically the Qantas airlines is successful in developing economic perspectives by coordinating with the Emirates airlines. The Qantas airlines are considered as the most progressive airlines and assists in defining the most developed aspects. The article shows that by collaborating with the Emirates, the issues related to the quality, performance and other aspects have improved initially (CAPA, 2016). In the article, it is also recommended that the unusual rules and policies of the Qantas airlines have also been removed, by which the chances of growth may also elaborate simultaneously. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The Australian industry is known as one of the most advanced and progressive airline industry in the world. The companies in the industry offers its customers wide range of services both in Australia and the other global region where it operates. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. What are the Concerns which are Ailing the Industry? Research Hypothesis 3: Australian airline industry is facing some major operational concerns in international markets The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA Data IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. IATA estimates the average industry profit margin will reach 8.8% in 2016, largely due to a drastic decline in oil prices. In order to maintain margins in a competitive Australian industry, airlines have resorted to increased automation such as self-check-in, online check-in and online seat selection. Such measures have been fruitful in restricting employment growth in this industry to a mere 0.6% annualized rate over the past five years. The industry is expected to employ 2.1 million workers in 2016. As the industry entered a mature phase in its life cycle in the United States, merger and acquisition activity increased substantially. Other than the important deals mentioned above, Southwest Airlines also merged with AirTran. As the Australian Airlines industry starts to transition to a mature phase, it is expected to go through a similar transition phase, signs of which became apparent over the past five years with a large decline in the number of companies operating in this industry. IATA expects the trend in industry consolidation to continue over the five years to 2021. To that end, the number of industry enterprises is expected to decline an annualized 5.0% to 1,251 companies. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not bee n able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Summary of annual RPT activity YESep 2015 YESep 2016 Growth Total passengers carried 57.33 million 58.69 million 2.4 % Revenue passenger kilometres 67.62 billion 69.09 billion 2.2 % Available seats 76.62 million 77.23 million 0.8 % Available seat kilometres 88.45 billion 88.93 billion 0.5 % Load factor 76.5 % 77.7 % 1.2* Aircraft trips 633.8 (000s) 638.1 (000s) 0.7 % The price of oil is expected to remain low compared to its levels in 2013 and 2014, which is expected to sustain the high level of profit margins enjoyed by industry operators in 2015 and 2016. IATA expects profit to account for 8.5% of revenue in 2021 as greater consolidation eases some price competition while cost-cutting improves efficiency. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Ailing Finances Globally, not seen in Australian Airlines Research Hypothesis 4: Australian Airline Industry is ahead on Financial Point of view compared to its Global Peers The average industry operating profit margin, measured as earnings before interest and taxes, has recovered over the past five years after being severely diminished during the Australian recession when a worldwide contraction in flying activity and high fuel costs put extreme pressure on margins. During this time, a number of airlines operated at a loss and were forced out of business or had to merge with other airlines. Typically, airlines in developed markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, are exposed to slimmer profit margins, as their markets are mature and competition is strong. Profit in regions with less competition and growing demand for flying, such as Asia, have higher average margins. Airlines are expected to continue their cost-cutting initiatives and pursue greater automation; however, increasing coverage will require the industry to employ more people, which is expected to increase the industry's demand for labor at an annualized 4.7% to 2.7 million people in 2021. However, the industry is expected to hire more technically skilled workers while eliminating many low-paying jobs. Consequently, average wage in this industry is expected to increase over the five years to 2021. The research question highlights what are the potential problems due to which Australian airlines which has been providing stupendous performance in the country, has not been able to replicate the model in other parts of the globe. The article talks about how the Australian companies have not been able to foster partnerships with local vendors in other countries and highlights that this is the main reason why companies have not been able to replicate the model. The article highlights the relationship between Australian and Singapore Airlines. The article also highlights the development of business relation between Qantas Airlines and Emirates Airlines. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. The research question focusses on how it can be imperative for companies globally to merge together and serve as major entity. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. Conclusion We have seen how companies need to combine globally to achieve the same efficiency as they have achieved in their local markets. It has been recently that organizations are increasingly focusing on cleaning up operations so that all major hurdles can be avoided. Both the companies did stupendous work in respective areas, but when it came to joining forces and creating a meaningful partnership both of the companies couldnt come out of their silos. Price competition among industry operators coupled with a large decline in the price of crude oil caused revenue to fall in 2015. Additionally, greater Australian economic uncertainty and slow growth in China and other major emerging economies also had a negative impact on revenue. In 2016, even greater uncertainty in the Australian economic climate will negatively impact demand. However even with the set of problems which impact the demand to certain extent, Australian airline industry is on a serious path to growth. In this detailed litera ture review we have focus on the key literature that are available on the research questions which are chosen for this thesis. IATA in its recent report has highlighted that when companies in Airline industry gets into join ventures they discuss ideas and identify them as implementation point on the broader scale. However the ground issues which the operations team faces are not considered. Different airlines have different policies and methodology in which they operate. This is the root cause of the problem, most companies have their own way of operating and hence team integrations become difficult. References: Bricki, N. Green, J., 2016. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology, Available at: https://fieldresearch.msf.org//msf/bitstream/10144/84230/1/Qualitative%20research%20methodology.pdf CAPA, 2016. Is Qantas and Australias aviation system in meltdown? No, but challenges are all around, Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/is-qantas-and-australias-aviation-system-in-meltdown-no-but-challenges-are-all-around-142638 IATA, 2012. The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, Available at: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Economics%20of%20JVs_Jan2012L.pdf Kain, J. Webb, R., 2003. Turbulent Times:Australian Airline Industry Issues, Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10 Peersman, G., 2010. Overview: Data Collection and Analysis Methods in Impact Evaluation: UNICEF, Available at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/brief_10_data_collection_analysis_eng.pdf Seaton, L., 2014. Tourism Australia deepens tourism ties with Singapore Airlines, Available at: https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/media-releases/Media-releases-Tourism-Australia-Singapore-Airlines.aspx Stylianou, A., 2016. Content Analysis: Qualitative or Quantitative research approach?, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Content_Analysis_Qualitative_or_Quantitative_research_approach Times, L. A., 2016. Australian Airlines News, Available at: https://articles.latimes.com/keyword/australian-airlines

The Concept of Management Accounting

Question: Indicate the importance of management accounting in managing your organisation. Evaluate the main cost structures of your organisation Determine the price and break even sales needed for your product for a successful business, by using appropriate methods Answer: Introduction The Concept of Management Accounting is a well derived concept that involves many functions mainly for a manufacturing enterprise. The management accounting is a branch of accounting that mainly is involved in making decisions for the company and the business. Therefore it carries a huge scope to interpret and estimate the results so that proper decision could be taken on the basis of these reports. Management accounting mainly involves the various functions such as planning, budgeting, reporting and analyzing the results for taking the decisions frequently. This branch has developed and emerged as a great boon for the managers of the organization as they are able to take decisions with much ease and with better quality. Talking about the business enterprises everybody and all the business firms are in needs of capital and funds for the business. The needs of the capital of the business vary according to the expansion and extensions that the businessman wants to do in their business and this are to be financed through various modes that are used by the business man to finance the resources that are needed by them. Out of the various sources loans from the banks are one of the common sources of finance available to the people and also the corporate around the world. As in the recent times business men prefer mix source of financing than depending on the outside funds for the entire amount of funds needed for the business. The banks loans are given to the corporate depending on the business forecasts they have for the future as the management accountants have to present realists forecasts based on which such loans could be granted so the banks loans become the nerve cells for the business enterprises t o carry on their future ventures and the loans are the ones based on which the firms are able to risk their investment upon. The loans can be outlined as a very important source of capital for the business firms at any point of time. It had been noted that many enterprises are not able to expand as they are not availed with the loan facilities that should be allowed to them due to the lack of creditability that their firm possesses in the form of upcoming budgets and the financial planning for the companies. These examples show how important a source such as loans from banks is there for the enterprises. The other reasons for which the banks loans are very good source of funding as they offer reasonable rates of interest. The repayment terms of the loans from banks are able to suit the enterprises and the new projects very well and they help the people to manage the options available with them for investment. The investors have great hope from the business and they cause an unnecessary risk for the company as there is a burden for repaying with the amount they have lend to the company. The loan capital helps the companies and their business to grow. But in the modern times with the risk of frauds and scams coming up the process of loan is being stricter and there is a huge need of management accountants for this purpose. The projections for the budgets and the cash flows are so important that the banks need them for giving the loans to the clients. Although there are many sources of capital but the loans are one of the most important source that the lenders face easy to collect and fianc their business. So it could be easily said that the implication and the need for the bank loans as a source of capital had immensely increased in the modern run and thus there is a huge source of changes that could be brought if the loans are used as a source of capital for the firm. Forecasting is also one of the important functions of the management accountant where he has to spend a lot of time for the enterprise he is dealing with. The management accountants are focused and expertise on predicting the future of the business based on the present sales and costs structure of the companies. The management of the company employs the management accountants because they feel that it is important that the projections of the revenues, cash flows and the budgets are correctly prepared as they base their decisions on these reports presented by the management. There is a huge necessity of the forecasted documents as they add great value to the decision making process for the company. The main reasons for the importance of the correct projections for these figures can be as discussed below: The projections help the managers to understand the shortcoming of business if any and then make improvements there in. The figures help them to decide the decision making process and help them to analyze the working state of the organization. The investors are also are interested in the future growth of the business and the cash management cycle of the business which can be easily demonstrated using the forecasted data provided they are correct and not misleading. The bankers also disburse the loans to the company on the proof that they stay focused on their data and the estimates are realistic and correct. The other importance of forecasting data is that it helps to create a trust on the enterprise and the performance that it can give to the people and thus it is relevant for the people to understand the importance of forecasting methods for the enterprise In the process of forecasting it is very important that seasonal variations are considered because it will make the users of the information aware of the unallocated resources so that proper decisions on this can be taken and the seasonal nature of the business might be considered in taking important decisions about the nature and the flow of the business in the future. So it could be said that the role of forecasting specially for the business is very important and it should be correct so that the decisions taken on the basis of these projections are true and help in proper decision making. The role of forecasting for management accounting is very important and submissive. The decisions that are very important and huge for the business have to be taken on the projected figures and the business plans are made on this estimation of the figures. The decisions regarding the nature of the business decides the future course of action and the estimated figures help the business to grow. In the present case study where the dealer is the manufacturer of sports good the business plan it could be seen that major part of the sales are being done by the international markets as the demand is maximum there. This gives a direction that the profits of the company would be more if they export the goods and also plan to expand the business in the international market as well. The current product is a good scope of expanding business as in the upcoming times the demand of the goods will surely show a rise in the times to come and there is a huge scope of expansion and growth for the business enterprise. The importance of the management accounting can be understood as it is a most important tool for taking decisions regarding the business operations. It helps the management to decide that how the organization would be managed by the various account management tools. It is a branch of accounting the helps the business to manage effectively the pros and cons of the business environment and thus reduces the risk faced on the new projects as there is a clear idea through the budgeted figures that are available and help the management to form correct decisions. There are two branches of accounting namely financial and management accounting and both are quite different in the prospective and approach, where one deals with the accounting part and the other deals with the managing the course of actions. Managerial accounting information is used by company management to determine what should be sold and how to sell it. For example, a small business owner may be unsure where he should focus his marketing efforts. To evaluate this decision, an accounting manager could examine the costs that differ between advertising alternatives for each product, ignoring common costs. This process is known as relevant cost analysis and is a technique that is taught in basic managerial accounting courses. The same process can be used to determine whether to add product lines or discontinue operations. The major point of difference between the two concepts are explained below in detail Basis Management Accounting Financial Accounting Objective Book keeping and recording the transaction To ascertain the financial result and financial position. Task To record the transaction To draft the financial statement Legal binding Management accounting report is optional to be prepared. Financial accounting report is compulsory to be prepared. Segment Reporting Pertains to individual department of the organization Pertains to entire organization. Information Company goal driven information Monetary and verifiable information Focus It focuses on present and forecast the future It focuses on the past recorded information. Audience It produces information and report for the use of organization, employees and managers It produces reports for the external parties. Both management accounting and financial accounting is useful for a business concern. Management accounting develops the base of accounting whereas the financial accounting carry out the other necessary task to complete the task associated with the term accounting. Fixed and Variable Costs are both an important component for the product. The fixed costs comprise of the costs that are permanent burden for the company and the variable costs are those that are not burden for the company but incurred with the production of the product. There are many costs that comprise of the variable nature as these costs are being incurred at the time of the production as these costs are not fixed for the companies. The business tart up costs are the sunk costs also that are incurred for running the business of the enterprise and are being used for the production of the goods and services, So the costs are both important but there role in the decisions making process is quite different. The fixed costs are mostly consisting of the overheads that are not avoidable by the enterprises and have to be incurred at any costs until the shut down point is achieved. There are various areas for which there are costs that are to be fixed at the time of initial production an d these costs are to be recovered to break even from the view point of the company. The variable costs are on the other hand can be regarded as recoverable costs and hence no problems occur to have a burden of costs when the production is on hold. Calculation of the Breakeven Point For the Manufacturer Break Even Point Contribution/ Fixed Cost Selling Price Per unit 600 assumed Calculation Of Variable Costs Wood 4.65 Leather 25 Polish 440 Cloth 0.6 per unit 470.25 Wages 23*1.5 34.5 Total 504.75 Contribution Per Unit 95.25 Total Fixed Costs Factory lighting 22,000 Factory rent - 25,000 Factory cleaning 10,000 Administration expenses 16,000 Selling expenses- 12,000 Delivery van expenses 7,000 Office rent 10,000 Total Fixed Costs 102000 Break Even Point 1070.866142 units References https://smallbusiness.chron.com/management-accounting-important-decisionmaking-53947.htmlhttps://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs_wp1.pdfhttps://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business/business-forecasting-and-its-importance-to-business/25634/https://www.gaaaccounting.com/the-importance-of-management-accounting-for-professional-accountants-in-business/Adler, Paul S. "Time-and-Motion Regained," Harvard Business Review (January-February, 1993), pp. 97-108.Awasthi, Vidya N ABC's of Activity-Based Accounting , Industrial Management (Jul-Aug 1994) pp.: 8-11, January 29, 1996.Beaty, Carol A. "Implementing Advanced Manufacturing Technologies: Rules of the Road," Sloan Management Review (Summer, 1992), pp. 49-60.Ber, Germain, "Making Accounting a Value Added Activity," Management Accounting (August, 1991), pp. 36-41."Five Modern Management Accounting Myths," Management Accounting (January, 1994), pp. 22-27.Brimson, James A., Feature Costing: Beyond ABC, Journal of Cost Management, January/February 1998, pp . 6-12.Briner, Russell F., Michael D. Akers, James W. Truitt, and James D. Wilson, "Coping with Change at Martin Industries," Management Accounting (July, 1989), pp.45-48.Burt, David N., "Managing Suppliers Up to Speed," Harvard Business Review (July-August, 1989)m pp. 127-135.Chalos, Peter, "Costing, Control, and Strategic Analysis in Outsourcing," Journal of Cost Management (Winter, 1995), pp. 31-37.Clinton, B. Douglas, and Ko-Cheng Hsu, "JIT and the Balanced Scorecard: Linking Manufacturing Control to Management Control, "Management Accounting, September 1997, p 18-24.Colin Drury, and Mike Tayles, Cost System Design for Enhancing Profitability, Management Accounting, January 1998, pp. 40-42"Cost Accounting Standards: Myths Misconceptions", Management Accounting, January 1994, pp. 42-43.Cooper, Robin and Regine Slagmolder, "Strategic Cost Management." Management Accounting. Vol. 89, Issue 8. (New York: February 1998), pp. 16-18.Cooper, Robin and Regine Slagmulder, "Cost Managemen t Beyond the Boundaries of the Firm," Management Accounting, March 1998, pp.18-19.Curtis, Corey C. and Lynn W. Ellis, "Balanced Scorecards for New Product Development" Journal of Cost Management; Man/June 1997, Volume II, Number 3, pp. 12-18Elram, Lisa M. and Feitzinger Ed, "Using total profit analysis to model supply chain decisions", Journal of Cost Management (July/August 1997), pp. 12-21.Enzweiler, Albert, "Improving the Financial Reporting Process," Management Accounting (February, 1995), pp. 40-43.Ferrara, William L., "Cost/Management Accounting--the 21st Century Paradigm," Management Accounting (December, 1995), pp. 30-36.Fry, Timothy D, and James F. Cox "Manufacturing Performance: Local Versus Global Measures," Production and Inventory Management Journal (Second Quarter, 1989), pp. 52-56.Fuller, Joseph B., James O'Connor, and Richard Rawlinson "Tailored Logistics: The Next Advantage," Harvard Business Review (May-June, 1993), pp. 87-98.Gallimore, Devin F. and Richard J. Penl esky, "A Framework for Developing Maintenance Strategies," Production and Inventory Management Journal (First Quarter, 1988), pp. 16-21.

Aztecs and the Aztec Civilization

Aztecs and the Aztec Civilization Aztecs are the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico, who controlled the valley of Mexico and much of central America from its capital during the Late Postclassic period from the 12th century AD until the Spanish invasion of the 15th century. The main political alliance creating the Aztec empire was called the Triple Alliance, including the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, the Acolhua of Texcoco, and the Tepaneca of Tlacopan; together they dominated most of Mexico between 1430 and 1521 AD. For a complete discussion see the Aztec Study Guide. Aztecs and their Capital City The capital city of the Aztecs was at Tenochtitlan-Tlatlelco, what is today Mexico City, and the extent of their empire covered almost all of what is today Mexico. At the time of Spanish conquest, the capital was a cosmopolitan city, with people from all over Mexico. The state language was Nahuatl and written documentation was kept on bark cloth manuscripts (most of which were destroyed by the Spanish). Those that survive, called codexes or codices (singular codex), can be found in some small cities in Mexico but also in museums around the world. A high level of stratification in Tenochtitlan included rulers, and a noble and commoner class. There were frequent ritual human sacrifices (including cannibalism to some degree), part of the military and ritual activities of the Aztec people, although it is possible and perhaps likely that these were exaggerated by the Spanish clergy. Sources An  Aztec Civilization Study Guide has been developed with loads of details on lifestyles of the Aztecs, including an overview and detailed timeline and king list. The photograph used on this page was provided by the Field Museum for a part of their new exhibit Ancient Americas. Also Known As: Mexica, Triple Alliance Examples: Azcapotzalco, Malinalco, Guingola, Yautepec, Cuanahac, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan

The Pros of Technological Devices for Education - EssaySupply.com

The Pros of Technological Devices for Education The Pros of Technological Devices for Education The computer was perhaps the one device that transformed classroom education in the 20th century. As the use computers continued to expand and continues to expand today, we continue to find new and exciting ways to deliver educational programming through a platform that both engages and excites students at all levels. Consider all that is now done with computers in typical educational environments: Computer-assisted instruction allows students to receive direct instruction in engaging ways and to practice skills using downloaded or â€Å"in the cloud† software. Entire curricula are now available online for students to engage in learning when they are not physically present in a classroom. This is available for students who are â€Å"home-schooled,† for students in alternative programs in which they complete coursework entirely online, and for students who wish to complete college coursework on flexible schedules that they need because of work or other obligations. Students use PC’s, laptops, and tablets to conduct research for reports, essays and papers Computers have enabled a variety of educational delivery options, with the obvious benefit being to the student who does not or cannot function in a regular classroom environment. Other Technological Devices That Have Impact We usually think of technology as only those things related to computers. However, there are other devices that either work with computers or are stand-alone objects that have enhanced educational delivery systems: No older teacher will ever state that s/he misses the old duplicating machine, with its purple ink and unpleasant odor. The copier has replaced all of that unpleasantness and provides clear copies that teachers may use in a huge number of ways. Printers. These devices are becoming more sophisticated every year, but the idea that one can phone, fax, make copies, and print out what has been typed into a computer, was just unheard of when printers were new on the market Interactive whiteboards. When images are projected on such a board, students may draw, write or manipulate the images themselves – a great teaching tool. Digital Projectors. Mounted on the ceiling and connected to a computer, these handy little devices can project anything from a computer screen directly onto a large whiteboard or other surface. The Pros of Technological Devices for Education of Handicapped Students Students with severe physical disabilities were traditionally taught at home or in very specialized environments, isolated from the mainstream of classrooms in which regular educational students were taught. Thanks to new assistive technology, however, these students can now participate in regular classrooms, and their lives have been significantly changed for the better. Here are just a few devices now available to handicapped student: Motorized wheel chairs and stair lifts allow wheelchair-bound students full access to the school physical environment. Specialized keyboards and mice for students with motor control difficulties are now in use in every public school in the country Students who are unable to use their hands for any fine motor skills now have digital dictation devices that will automatically type what they say. So, a paraplegic student need only say, â€Å"Write my essay for me,† dictate that essay and watch as it unfolds on the computer screen, complete with proper grammar and spelling. For the visually impaired student, audio textbooks are available directly from the publishers and can be accessed at any point in time. Computers can project enlarged text onto white boards for far easier reading. Technology has advanced education in wonderful ways. Students whose learning styles deviated from the traditional educational delivery structure now have those learning styles dignified; children, teens and adults who want alternative learning environments can be accommodated; students were physical disabilities can participate in a regular learning environment. And as rapidly as advances continue to be make, educational delivery will only get better.

Inferential Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inferential - Statistics Project Example The data sets are divided into two sets; Android, Windows and Others representing the operating systems in the market and a dependent variable Smartphone on the category indicating the total cell phone sold with the operating system. The independent variables are the App is representing the App store, GUI represents the Graphical User Interface of the smartphone and the Functionality representing the functions carried out by the operating systems and the apps. The data is bivariate data as two variables are measured in a single study (William Mendenhall III, 2013). We calculated the operating system market share and the customer buying behavior towards the software capabilities of the smartphone. Most consumers prefer smartphones running on Android platform; on average 10 Android phones are sold daily. The consumer‘s are influenced by the app store on the phone, with 9 people every day says that the app store matters to them most. The positive coefficient indicates the directional effects of the independent variables and the effect they will have on the depend variable smartphone. Thus, with an increase in App, GUI or Functionality results to increase in sales of smartphones. Meaning that the consumer behavior depends on the software installed or can be installed on the gizmo. Goodness to fit ≠¥ 0.80 or 80% and we reject Reject H0 if p-value ≠¤ ÃŽ ±, where ÃŽ ± is the level of significance for the test (David R. Anderson, 2011). Thus p-value ≠¥ 0.0000, thus the null hypothesis is accepted. At 95% confidence level (1.869, 5.088), this are plausible values of parameter where mean may lie; thus, we expect more consumers to be influenced by App store parameter in smartphone. Thus we expect the sales of Android phones to increase with the same parameter as they are the market

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 114

Discussion - Essay Example One example is of CCI’s initiative in scholarship program in Tennessee (Bowman and Kearney, 322). So the two theoriesdo not explain the politics in Tennessee. Ans: Taking is a government action when it assumes ownership of someone’s property on the domain of public purpose. Here the definition of public purpose is important. If the government is taking away the land for building up social goods like labor intensive industries, utility places like libraries, schools, colleges etc., then I think taking is reasonable as this activities lead to employment generation and creates welfare (Bowman and Kearney, 307). Ans: Dillon’s law states that local governments exercise only those powers which are granted by state government. State government has more power than local government but the trend has been shifting towards increased state support and empowerment of localities. Localities have powers to restructure themselves, impose new taxes etc, State government dominates decision making for localities by regulating their finance, by setting qualification criteria for local employees, by meetings and mandating financial disclosure etc (Bowman and Kearney, 325-326). Ans: Yes sprawl should be regulated because it leads to rapid land consumption and heavy dependence on development. It is resource intensive and costly. Cost of providing services like public education rises manifold times for the government. To check sprawl impact fee can be levied on new development like houses and the city should have proper authority to levy the fee. This will offset some costs for providing public service. Greenbelts should be established as it will limit the area for development (Bowman and Kearney, 333). Ans: Yes I would support city county consolidation as it will help in tackling stubborn policy program like pollution control in two cities which now becomes a collective problem after consolidation. Again economies of scale will

Analysis of Heavy Metals Contamination in Urban Dust

Analysis of Heavy Metals Contamination in Urban Dust 2.1 REVIEW OF REPORTED STUDIES 2.1.1 Assessment of Heavy Metal in Street Dust in Kathmandu Metropolitan City and their Possible Impacts on the Environment. Chirika S.T. Pawan R.S.9 conducted a study in 2011 to determine the levels of heavy metals in street dust at different localities in the Metropolitan City of Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 20 street dust samples were collected from four sampling sites such as mechanical workshops, motor parks, market areas and residential areas as well as dust were collected from sites which were not affected by traffic. The collected samples were digested using aqua regia through microwave digestion and heavy metals were determined using a SOLAAR M5 Dual Automizer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of level of lead and nickel were 80.3 and 52.9 Â µg/g. However, the highest lead concentration was 116.8 Â µg/g at the mechanical workshop, which were directly associated with the emissions from vehicles exhaust since vehicles were still using leaded gasoline although it was banned in Nepal. 2.1.2 Multivariate analysis of heavy metals contamination in urban dust of Xi’an, Central China For this study undertaken in 2005, Yongming H. et al.23 collected sixty-five samples of urban dust in Xi’an. The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Ag, Hg, Mn, Sb, Zn, Cu and As, as well as to identity their natural sources. Xi’an was selected for this study since it was the central city consisting of heavy metals industries, textile industries and chemical industries. The collected samples were digested using HF, HNO3, H2SO4 and HClO4. The determination of heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ag and Mn where carried out using Vario 6 atomic absorption spectrophotometer whereas Hg, As and Sb were analyzed by cold vapor atomic spectrometry. The highest mean concentration was found to be of lead, Zinc, Manganese and Chromium which were 230.5, 421.3, 687 and 167.3 Â µg/g respectively. It was concluded that the high concentration originate mainly from industrial sources as well as traffic sources. Further, the high concentration of Mn was found to originate from soil sources which were considered to be a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources. 2.1.3 Determination of Heavy Metals content in Soils and Indoor Dusts From nurseries in Dungun, Terengganu Tahir M.N. et al.22 determined the concentrations of certain heavy metals such as Al, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn and Cu, in indoor dusts and outdoor soils from nurseries located in industrial, town and village area found in Dungun district, which was one of the coastal towns located in Malaysia. For this study carried out in 2007, eighteen sampling sites where chosen which were nursery schools. The sampling sites were divided into three groups: the first group was at the center of the town and near heavily frequented urban traffic routes; the second group selected was found in the south region of the town and was considered as industrial area. This region had high density of petroleum chemical industry, power plant and main roads with heavy traffic loads. The Third group was village, situated at the edge of the urban area which was a quiet residential district with low volume of traffic and negligible industry. The collected samples were then digested and heavy metals concentrations in both soils and dust indoors were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer (FS 220A VARIAN). The range of metal observed were 46.9 Â µg/g for Cu, 338 Â µg/g for Mn, 4.66 Â µg/g for Cd, 130 Â µg/g for Zn, 91.7 Â µg/g for Pb and 114000 Â µg/g for Al. However, from the result obtained, it was found that the village areas had higher level of toxic metals compared to both town and industrial areas for outdoor soils. On the other hand, industrial areas had exhibited higher mean concentration of Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Zn in their indoor dusts which originated from infiltration of outdoor particles, dust, soils, internal ventilation system, cooking smoke, old paint and furniture materials. In general, results obtained from this study showed that some nursery schools in Dungun had high levels of heavy metals content in soils and indoor dust. It was suggested that the major source of these heavy metals in soils was due to the road vehicular emission. 2.1.4 Metals Levels in Indoor and Outdoor Dust in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Al-Rajhi A.S. et al.3 conducted a study to determine the concentration of heavy metals in outdoor and indoor dusts in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In 1996 , outdoor dust samples were collected from 231 sites including various rural, suburban, and urban, motorway and two industrials sites and indoor samples were collected from 20 public community centres. The samples were digested using aqua regia and were then analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer model 1100). The mean concentration of indoor dust were 639 and 52.9 Â µg/g respectively for lead and nickel and the outdoor dust concentrations for lead and nickel were 1762 and 43.9 Â µg/g respectively. Among all these metals analyzed, lead had the highest concentrations. This was due to the use of leaded fuel, with levels being especially high near motorways as a result of high traffic density. However, it was observed that there was a decreased in lead levels in suburban and rural areas where automobile emissions were much less than in urban areas. 2.1.5 Investigation of Trace Heavy metal Concentrations in the Street Dust Samples Collected from Kayseri, Turkey Divrikli U. et al.12 investigated the levels of heavy metal ions of the street dusts from Kayseri, Turkey. A total of 77 street dust samples were collected during the period of April 2000 till June 2000 and control samples were collected from three hills outside Kayseri that were not affected by metal sources. After digestion with aqua regia, the samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The range of concentrations of heavy metals was 84 -532 Â µg/g for lead and 49 -381 for nickel. It was observed that high levels of lead in dust were from combustion of gasoline. The highest concentration of lead (165.5 Â µg/g ) was observed around street carrying heavy traffic and the minimum concentration was 103.3 Â µg/g which was from school garden. For nickel, the source was from abrasion and corrosion of nickel containing parts of the vehicles in the traffic. The highest concentration was 57.3 Â µg/g which was observed in heavy traffic. 2.1.6 Lead Distribution in Near-Surface Soils of Two Florida Cities: Gainesville and Miami, USA In 2004, Chirenje T. et al.8 conducted a study to determine lead distribution in soil in two Florida urban areas, having different levels of industrial development and population. 240 samples were collected from three land-use classes: residential, commercial and public land. They were digested using USEPA method (hot plate digestion) and analyzed using graphite furnace AAS. After analysis of the samples, it was found that the average concentration of lead in Gainesville was 16 mg/kg while 93 mg/kg was observed in Miami. Considering Gainesville, the lead concentration increased as follows: public parks (10 mg/kg), commercial areas (18 mg/kg), public buildings (20 mg/kg) and residential areas (23 mg/kg) whereas for Miami the increased was from: public buildings (77 mg/kg), public parks (79 mg/kg), residential (102 mg/kg) to commercial areas (120 mg/kg). Hence, the higher lead concentration was found in Miami, which was mainly due to the soil properties rather than just anthropogenic factors. 2.1.7 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Street and Leaf Deposited Dust in Anand City, India Bhattacharya T. et al.6 investigated the heavy metal concentrations in street and leaf deposited dust in Anand City, India in 2011 . Street dust samples and leaf deposited dust samples were collected from five major roadways selected on the basis of traffic load, population density and anthropogenic activities and analysis for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were carried out. The samples were digested and analyzed using AAS (Perkin Elmeyer model). The mean metal concentration in street dust sample varied with sampling location. Lead concentration (105.4 mg/kg) in dust samples was consistently high. The high Pb concentration was interpreted as resulting from the continued use of leaded gasoline on the outskirts of the city since some petrol stations were stilling selling unleaded petrol. In addition, Pb was also used in manufacture of pesticides, fertilizers, paints, dyes and batteries. Therefore industrial sources had also contributed to Pb levels from vehicle emission. The concentration of nickel in the street dusts ranged from (56.9-75.81 mg/kg). The main source of nickel in street dust was the combustion of diesel fuel. Unexpectedly, nickel content was relatively higher, compared to other metals, in the rural area suggesting that the extensive use of diesel in three wheelers, tractors and water pumps used for irrigation in rural areas was contributing the elevated level in dust. 2.1.8 Heavy Metal Concentration in Road Deposited Dust at Ketu-South District, Ghana Addo M.A et al.1 carried out a study in 2012 to determine the metal concentration in deposited dust along the road of Ketu-South District, Ghana. Fifty sampling sites were selected from popular roads that experiences intense traffic conditions within the district. The collected samples were allowed to dry for 10 days and were analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence Analysis. The lowest metal concentration was: 0.4 ÃŽ ¼g/g for As; 284 ÃŽ ¼g/g for Cr; 18.4ÃŽ ¼g/g for Cu; 233 ÃŽ ¼g/g for Mn; 12.3 for Ni; 3.1 ÃŽ ¼g/g for Pb; and 18.2 ÃŽ ¼g/g for Zn. It was noted in a roadway which runs through a host of rural communities. The maximum concentration of Cr (9106.0 ÃŽ ¼g/g), Mn (1240.0 ÃŽ ¼g/g), and Pb (67.80 ÃŽ ¼g/g) were found in road soil samples collected from the roadway normally patronized by heavy trucks used in conveying cement products and raw materials to and from the cement factory. Therefore, much cement dusts were spread along the road as loaded cement trucks made use of the road. The source of Cu and Zn in the samples was indicated by research as tire abrasion, the corrosion of metallic parts of cars, lubricant and industrial. 2.1.9 Heavy Metal Determination in Household Dust from Ilorin City, Nigeria Adekola F.A et al.2 collected samples from 18 different locations in Ilorin, which was the capital of Nigeria, to determine the levels of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper and iron in indoor dusts. Sampling was done daily in the morning between the months June and September, 1998. The collected samples were digested and the concentrations of metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Pye Unicam Model 2900). The mean metal concentration in dust sample varied with sampling location. The range of concentration of heavy metals was (2.34 -10.17) mg/kg for Pb, (0.19 -1.99) mg/kg for Cu, (0.001 – 0.38) mg/kg for Cd, (0.006 -2.19) mg/kg for Ni and (28.6 -45.4) mg/kg for Fe. The high levels of concentration of Pb, Ni and Fe were mostly likely originated from sources such as emission from automobiles and fall out from wall paint. Further, the important levels of Fe observed in all locations were due to the nature of the local soil and the intensity of human activities in the various localities. 2.1.10 Water-Soluble Species and Heavy Metals Contamination of The petroleum Refinery Area, Jordan In 2002 , Momami A.K et al.16 investigated the levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr and Fe in street dust, soil, and plants in the Jordanian petroleum refinery. Eighty- one street dust samples, coded D1-D18, were collected from different sites such as highway, housing area, manufacturing area, main gates, loading parking area, tanker loading area and major refining units. The collected samples were dried and digested using concentrated nitric acid. Heavy metals were then determined using a Thermo Jarrel Ash Flame Atomic Absorption spectrometer, (Model Smith-Hieftje 11, USA, with SH back-ground correction. For determination of low concentrations of heavy metals, a Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GFAAS) was utilized. The mean concentration of heavy metals obtained was as follows: Pb (77 Â µg/g), Cu (69 Â µg/g), Zn (178 Â µg/g), Fe (4510 Â µg/g), Cr (21 Â µg/g) and Cd (1.38 Â µg/g). The highest levels of lead were observed in the housing area, streets between loading parking area, the road tanker loading area and at streets near the main gate of the refinery. The high lead contamination at the housing area and at the main gate was due to automobile exhaust emission since most automobiles passed through these sites. Also fuel leaks, spills, and exhaust emissions from tankers in the loading parking area and tanker loading area was responsible for lead contamination occurring at these sites. Further, high concentrations of the other metals: Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr were commonly found in the manufacturing area, and around the major refining units. These findings indicated that materials used in manufacturing cylinders, major refining processes, leaks of oil product during loading of tankers, and motor vehicles were the primary sources of these heavy metals. Additionally, existence of CU in street dust was derived from engine wear of automobiles, while attrition of automobile tires and lubricating oils were possible sources of Zn and Cd. 2.1.11 Soil Lead Pollution alongside Some Major Roads In Mauritius In 2000 , Choong Kwet Yive N.S et al.10 conducted a study to determine the lead levels in soil alongside main roads in Mauritius which were caused mainly by vehicular exhaust. Four Mauritian roads with different traffic densities were selected for sampling. The collected samples were digested using Milestone microwave digester and the lead determination was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer (UNICAM 929). The mean lead concentration in dust sample varied with sampling location. The highest lead concentration, 1938 Â µg/g, was found at Rd1, which was the major motorway having the highest traffic density. Further, it was also reported that the west side of Rd1 had a concentration of 786 Â µg/g compared to that on the east side (536 Â µg/g). This was due to the South- East Trade Wind which blows the lead particulate to the left side of the road. The low concentration of lead found was 12 Â µg/g, which was due to the dry weather and compact soil. It was concluded that the major sources of lead pollution in street dust was due to vehicular emission. 2.1.12 Monitoring of Pb and Ni in Street Dust Coming from Vandermeersch Street Jhurry K.R.15 conducted a study in street dust coming from Vandermeersch Street, to determine Pd and Ni concentration. Sixty- four dust samples were collected over a period of four months from August to November 2011. The collected samples were acid digested using microwave digester system and then analyzed using FAAS. The mean concentration of heavy metals was 65.4 ppm for lead and 208.2 ppm for nickel. Further, it was also reported that the left side of the road had the highest metal concentration compared to that on the right side. This was due to the South-East Trade Wind, blowing the dust particulate toward the left. The high Ni concentration observed was due to traffic density. Considering the lead concentration, it has decrease considerably since there was a shift from leaded gasoline to unleaded one. Further, other factors affecting lead level from one place to another was seasonal behavior and human activities. 2.1.13 Lead and Nickel Levels near Vandermeersch Street. Summoogum Y.P.21 carried out a study to determine the lead and nickel levels in street dust at Vandermeersch Street, Mauritius. A total of 80 samples were collected from 8 different sampling sites over a period of five months from August to December 2012. The concentration of lead and nickel were determined using FAAS after digestion in acids using microwave digester. The mean concentration of heavy metals obtained was 32.6 ppm for lead and 52.5 ppm for nickel. The concentration of nickel was explained by the increase in traffic volume, which was mainly due to abrasion and corrosion of vehicular parts. Moreover, it was seen that the left side of the road was more polluted than that of the right, showing the effect of the South-East Trade Wind which blow the dust particulate toward the west side of the road, causing accumulation. For lead, it was seen that there was significant decrease since the use of leaded gasoline was banned in September 2002 and unleaded gasoline was introduced all over the island.